Meningitis neonatal: estudio multicéntrico en Lima, Perú / Neonatal meningitis: a multicenter study in Lima, Peru

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia y las características clínicas, bacteriológicas y del líquido cefalorraquídeo de la meningitis neonatal en hospitales de Lima. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, multicéntrico en seis hospitales de la ciudad de Lima, con una vigilancia epidemiológica durante un año. Resultados: La incidencia acumulada hospitalaria fue de 1,4 casos por mil nacidos vivos. Fueron incluidos 53 casos de meningitis neonatal, 34% (18/53) fueron tempranos y 66% (35/53) tardíos. Los factores maternos asociados fueron líquido amniótico meconial e infección de tracto urinario. El 58,8% (30/51) presentó controles prenatales insuficientes. El factor neonatal más asociado fue sepsis. Los principales síntomas fueron fiebre, irritabilidad, hipoactividad y dificultad respiratoria. En el líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) se destacó la pleocitosis, sin predominio de polimorfonucleares (PMN), hipoglucorraquia y proteinorraquia. Los patógenos aislados con mayor frecuencia fueron Escherichia coli y Listeria monocytogenes. Conclusiones: La incidencia hospitalaria de meningitis neonatal fue de 1,4 por mil nacidos vivos, siendo diez veces mayor en prematuros. La dificultad respiratoria fue el síntoma más frecuente en la forma temprana, mientras que la fiebre e irritabilidad en la forma tardía. El LCR mostró pleocitosis sin predominio de PMN. Los gérmenes más frecuentes fueron Escherichia coli y Listeria monocytogenes. La ventriculitis e hidrocefalia fueron las complicaciones neurológicas más comunes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the incidence and the clinical, bacteriological and cerebrospinal fluid characteristics of neonatal meningitis in Lima hospitals. Materials and methods: An observational, multicenter study was conducted in six hospitals in the city of Lima during 1 year of epidemiological surveillance. Results: The cumulative hospital incidence was 1.4 cases per 1000 live births. A total of 53 cases of neonatal meningitis were included, 34% (18/53) were early and 66% (35/53) late. The associated maternal factors were meconium-stained amniotic fluid and urinary tract infection. Insufficient prenatal check-ups were found in 58.8% (30/51). The most associated neonatal factor was sepsis. The main symptoms were fever, irritability, hypoactivity and respiratory distress. Pleocytosis in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was significant, without predominance of polymorphonuclear lymphocytes (PMN), hypoglycorrhagia and proteinorrhagia. The most frequent pathogens isolated were Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. Conclusions: The hospital incidence of neonatal meningitis was 1.4 per 1000 live births, being ten times higher in preterm infants. Breathing difficulty was the most frequent symptom in the early stage, while fever and irritability in the late stage. CSF showed pleocytosis without predominance of PMN. The most frequent germs were Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. Ventriculitis and hydrocephalus were the most common neurological complications.

Associação de meningite e pericardite na doença pneumocócica invasiva: um caso raro / Association of meningitis and pericarditis in invasive pneumococcal disease: a rare case

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar um caso raro de uma criança com meningite associada a pericardite na doença pneumocócica invasiva. Descrição do caso: Este relato descreve uma evolução clínica desfavorável de um lactente feminino de 6 meses de idade, previamente hígido, que apresentou inicialmente sintomas respiratórios e febre. A radiografia de tórax revelou um aumento da área cardíaca sem alterações radiográficas nos pulmões. Após a identificação do derrame pericárdico, o paciente apresentou convulsões e entrou em coma. Pneumonia foi descartada durante a investigação clínica. Contudo, foi identificado Streptococcus pneumoniae nas culturas de líquor e sangue. O exame neurológico inicial foi compatível com morte encefálica, posteriormente confirmada pelo protocolo. Comentários: A pericardite purulenta tornou-se uma complicação rara da doença pneumocócica invasiva desde o advento da terapia antibiótica. Pacientes com pneumonia extensa são primariamente predispostos e, mesmo com tratamento adequado e precoce, estão sujeitos a altas taxas de mortalidade. A associação de meningite pneumocócica e pericardite é incomum e, portanto, de difícil diagnóstico. Por isso, uma alta suspeição diagnóstica é necessária para instituir o tratamento precoce e aumentar a sobrevida.

ABSTRACT Objective: To report a rare case of a child with invasive pneumococcal disease that presented meningitis associated with pericarditis. Case description: This report describes the unfavorable clinical course of a previously healthy 6-months-old female infant who initially presented symptoms of fever and respiratory problems. A chest X-ray revealed an increased cardiac area with no radiographic changes in the lungs. After identifying a pericardial effusion, the patient experienced seizures and went into coma. Pneumonia was excluded as a possibility during the clinical investigation. However, Streptococcus pneumoniae was identified in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood cultures. An initial neurological examination showed that the patient was brain dead, which was then later confirmed according to protocol. Comments: Purulent pericarditis has become a rare complication of invasive pneumococcal disease since the advent of antibiotic therapy. Patients with extensive pneumonia are primarily predisposed and, even with early and adequate treatment, are prone to high mortality rates. The association of pneumococcal meningitis and pericarditis is uncommon, and therefore difficult to diagnose. As such, diagnostic suspicion must be high in order to institute early treatment and increase survival.

Meningoencefalitis: etiología infecciosa en pacientes pediátricos de un hospital de referencia / Meningoencephalitis: infectious etiology in pediatric patients at a reference hospital

Resumen Introducción: Las causas de meningoencefalitis, meningitis o encefalitis pueden ser infecciosas o no infecciosas. Para el diagnóstico microbiológico se requieren cultivos y pruebas moleculares. El objetivo del estudio fue describir las causas infecciosas de meningoencefalitis y su presentación clínica. Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado en el Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Dr. Juan I. Menchaca. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 28 días de vida con síndrome de meningitis, encefalitis o meningoencefalitis. Se identificó la etiología infecciosa mediante cultivos, tinciones de Gram y pruebas moleculares de líquido cefalorraquídeo. Se compararon las características de pacientes con y sin diagnóstico etiológico. Resultados: Se incluyeron en el estudio 50 pacientes con meningoencefalitis (n = 25), meningitis (n = 19) o encefalitis (n = 6). La mediana de edad fue de un año y el 62% de los pacientes fueron de sexo masculino. Se realizó diagnóstico etiológico infeccioso en el 42%: el 65.2% (n = 15) se debió a virus y el 34.8% (n = 8) a bacterias. En los pacientes con diagnóstico etiológico, se presentó un mayor número de leucocitos en líquido cefalorraquídeo (92 leu/mm3 vs. 12 leu/mm3, p = 0.001). Fue más frecuente el antecedente de gastroenteritis (razón de momios [RM]: 3.5; intervalo de confianza al 95% [IC 95%]: 1.007-12.1; p = 0.04) y ante la exploración, fue más frecuente la rigidez de cuello (RM: 3.8; IC 95%: 1-15.2; p = 0.04). Conclusiones: El 42% de los pacientes con meningitis, encefalitis o meningoencefalitis tuvieron diagnóstico etiológico infeccioso. La causa más frecuente fue el enterovirus.

Abstract Background: The etiologies of meningoencephalitis, meningitis or encephalitis may be infectious or non-infectious. For the microbiological diagnosis it is necessary to perform cultures and molecular tests. The objective of this study was to describe the infectious causes of meningoencephalitis and their clinical presentation. Methods: Cross-sectional study performed at the Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Dr. Juan I. Menchaca. Patients older than 28 days of life with meningitis, encephalitis or meningoencephalitis syndrome were included in the study. Infectious etiology was identified through cultures, Gram stains, and molecular tests of cerebrospinal fluid. The characteristics of patients with and without etiological diagnosis were compared. Results: Fifty patients with meningoencephalitis (n = 25), meningitis (n = 19) or encephalitis (n = 6) were included in the study. The mean age was one year and 62% were male. An infectious etiological diagnosis was performed in 42%; 65.2 % (n = 15) were viruses and 34.8% (n = 8) bacteria. In patients with etiological diagnosis, a higher number of leukocytes were found in cerebrospinal fluid (92 leu/mm3 vs. 12 leu/mm3, p = 0.001); the history of gastroenteritis was more frequent (odds ratio [OR]: 3.5; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.007-12.1; p = 0.04) and upon examination, neck stiffness was more common (OR: 3.8; 95% CI: 1-15.2; p = 0.04). Conclusions: 42 % of the patients with meningitis, encephalitis or meningoencephalitis had an infectious etiological diagnosis; the most frequent cause was enterovirus.

Diagnóstico etiológico en meningitis y encefalitis por técnicas de biología molecular / Etiologic diagnosis in meningitis and encephalitis molecular biology techniques

Introducción: El estudio etiológico de las infecciones del sistema nervioso central se ha realizado tradicionalmente con cultivos bacterianos y con reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) para virus herpes simple (VHS). Los cultivos bacterianos pueden disminuir su rendimiento en pacientes que hayan usado antibióticos previos a la toma de muestra, y el solicitar PCR solo para virus VHS reduce el diagnóstico etiológico a un solo agente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar las causas infecciosas en meningitis y encefalitis en niños, utilizando conjuntamente la microbiología convencional y la biología molecular, con el fin de mejorar el diagnóstico etiológico de estas enfermedades. Pacientes y método: Se estudiaron 19 pacientes con sospecha de meningitis y encefalitis, de manera prospectiva, hospitalizados en el hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna en Santiago de Chile, entre el 1 de marzo de 2011 y el 30 de marzo de 2012. Luego de obtener el consentimiento informado, a las muestras de LCR se les realizó examen citoquímico, cultivo, PCR múltiple bacteriana (N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae) y PCR en tiempo real para HSV-1 y 2, VVZ, VEB, CMV, VHH-6 y enterovirus. Se recabaron datos clínicos y epidemiológicos desde la ficha clínica del paciente. Resultados: De los 19 pacientes analizados 2 (10%) fueron diagnosticados por métodos microbiológicos convencionales y 7 (37%) al adicionar biología molecular (p = 0,02). Tres pacientes presentaron meningitis por S. pneumoniae, uno por Enterobacter cloacae, 2 pacientes meningoencefalitis por VHS-1 y uno meningitis por VVZ. Conclusiones: La adición de la PCR a los métodos microbiológicos convencionales de diagnóstico en las infecciones del sistema nervioso central aumenta significativamente la probabilidad de detectar el agente causal. La incorporación rutinaria del diagnóstico molecular permitiría un manejo más oportuno y racional.

Introduction: The aetiological study of infections of the central nervous system has traditionally been performed using bacterial cultures and, more recently, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for herpes simplex virus (HSV). Bacterial cultures may not have good performance, especially in the context of patients who have received antibiotics prior to sampling, and a request for HSV only by PCR reduces the information to only one aetiological agent. The aim of this study is to determine the infectious causes of meningitis and encephalitis, using traditional microbiology and molecular biology to improve the aetiological diagnosis of these diseases. Patients and method: A prospective study was conducted on 19 patients with suspected meningitis, admitted to the Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital in Santiago, Chile, from March 1, 2011 to March 30, 2012. After obtaining informed consent, the CSF samples underwent cytochemical study, conventional culture, multiplex PCR for the major producing bacterial meningitis (N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae), real-time single PCR for HSV-1 and 2, VZV, EBV, CMV, HHV-6 and enterovirus. Clinical and epidemiological data were also collected from the clinical records. Results: Of the 19 patients analysed, 2 were diagnosed by conventional methods and 7 by adding molecular biology (increase to 37%). Three patients had meningitis due to S. pneumoniae, one due to Enterobacter cloacae, 2 patients meningoencephalitis HSV-1, and one VZV meningitis. Conclusions: The addition of PCR to conventional diagnostic methods in CNS infections increases the probability of finding the causal agent. This allows a more adequate, timely and rational management of the disease.

Antigen sequence typing of outer membrane protein (fetA) gene of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A from Delhi & adjoining areas.

Background & objectives: Meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis is a fatal disease. Meningococcal meningitis is an endemic disease in Delhi and irregular pattern of outbreaks has been reported in India. All these outbreaks were associated with serogroup A. Detailed molecular characterization of N. meningitidis is required for the management of this fatal disease. In this study, we characterized antigenic diversity of surface exposed outer membrane protein (OMP) FetA antigen of N. meningitidis serogroup A isolates obtained from cases of invasive meningococcal meningitis in Delhi, India. Methods: Eight isolates of N. meningitidis were collected from cerebrospinal fluid during October 2008 to May 2011 from occasional cases of meningococcal meningitis. Seven isolates were from outbreaks of meningococcal meningitis in 2005-2006 in Delhi and its adjoining areas. These were subjected to molecular typing of fetA gene, an outer membrane protein gene. Results: All 15 N. meningitides isolates studied were serogroup A. This surface exposed porin is putatively under immune pressure. Hence as a part of molecular characterization, genotyping was carried out to find out the diversity in outer membrane protein (FetA) gene among the circulating isolates of N. meningitidis. All 15 isolates proved to be of the same existing allele type of FetA variable region (VR) when matched with global database. The allele found was F3-1 for all the isolates. Interpretation & conclusions: There was no diversity reported in the outer membrane protein FetA in the present study and hence this protein appeared to be a stable molecule. More studies on molecular characterization of FetA antigen are required from different serogroups circulating in different parts of the world.

Pesquisa de biomarcadores e alvos terapêuticos para as meningites por meio da proteômica comparativa do líquor de pacientes / Research for biomarkers and therapeutic targets for meningitis by comparative proteomics of cerebrospinal fluid from patients

Meningite é a inflamação das meninges em resposta a infecções ou exposição a agentes químicos. As meningites são classificadas como asséptica (MA) ou bacteriana (MB). Enquanto as MA, mais frequentemente causadas por enterovírus, geralmente são benignas e de curso autolimitado, as MB estão associadas a altas taxas de mortalidade e morbidade que permanecem inalteradas apesar dos avanços nas terapias antimicrobianas e cuidados intensivos para a manutenção dos sistemas vitais dos pacientes. O diagnóstico preciso e rápido das meningites é fundamental para a tomada de decisão em tempo hábil pela abordagem terapêutica adequada para cada forma de meningite.Neste trabalho, a associação de 2D-PAGE com espectrometria de massas permitiu a identificação de proteínas da resposta do hospedeiro para as meningites bacterianas – pneumocócica e meningocócica e para a meningite viral. Dentre estas proteínas, quatro são potenciais candidatos a biomarcadores para o diagnóstico diferencial das meningites e foram utilizadas para a construção de um modelo preditivo qualitativo com essa finalidade...

Pesquisa de biomarcadores e alvos terapêuticos para as meningites por meio da proteômica comparativa do líquor de pacientes

Meningite é a inflamação das meninges em resposta a infecções ou exposição a agentes químicos. As meningites são classificadas como asséptica (MA) ou bacteriana (MB). Enquanto as MA, mais frequentemente causadas por enterovírus, geralmente são benignas e de curso autolimitado, as MB estão associadas a altas taxas de mortalidade e morbidade que permanecem inalteradas apesar dos avanços nas terapias antimicrobianas e cuidados intensivos para a manutenção dos sistemas vitais dos pacientes. O diagnóstico preciso e rápido das meningites é fundamental para a tomada de decisão em tempo hábil pela abordagem terapêutica adequada para cada forma de meningite.Neste trabalho, a associação de 2D-PAGE com espectrometria de massas permitiu a identificação de proteínas da resposta do hospedeiro para as meningites bacterianas – pneumocócica e meningocócica e para a meningite viral. Dentre estas proteínas, quatro são potenciais candidatos a biomarcadores para o diagnóstico diferencial das meningites e foram utilizadas para a construção de um modelo preditivo qualitativo com essa finalidade.

Com a classificação de ausência / presença de proteínas específicas da resposta do hospedeiro em cada condição patológica, foi possível diferenciar os pacientes com meningite pneumocócica, meningocócica, viral e os indivíduos sem infecção no sistema nervoso central. A descoberta desse modelo preditivo qualitativo proteico é o passo inicial para a construção de um kit rápido para o diagnóstico diferencial das meningites. A utilização deste kit poderá auxiliar na escolha da terapia adequada, de acordo com o agente etiológico, uma vez que o tratamento eficaz continua sendo a melhor alternativa para a redução das sequelas permanentes e de óbito associados à meningite bacteriana. Além disso, foram identificadas, por bioinformática, as principais vias metabólicas e de sinalização mais afetadas por cada uma das formas da doença, o que possibilitou a seleção de novos candidatos a alvos terapêuticos para as meningites.

Trend, features and outcome of meningitis in the communicable diseases hospital, Alexandria, Egypt, 1997-2006

Following vaccine introduction, long-term epidemiological changes have been occurred in meningitis. Studying these changes is of practical importance for both public health planning and clinical management. To study trend in meningitis in Alexandria, Egypt [1997-2006] as well patients'characteristics and outcome. The descriptive epidemiologic approach was adopted. Study population was all discharge records and computer files of meningitis admissions to the Communicable Diseases Hospital in Alexandria, Egypt, 1997-2006. Outcome measures were age, number and percentage of patients, organisms proportions and case fatality. The study included 1210 recorded meningitis cases. Patients had a mean age of 22.26 years and a male to female ratio of 1.8:1. Study started with a sharp descent of yearly admissions [1997-1999] and ended by a sharp increase [2004-2006]. Cases insignificantly increased during autumn though spring. Neisseria meningitidis was the dominant pathogen [28.9%] in all years. Mycobacterium tuberculosis [MTB] was the second common agent [11.6%] with a decrea sing frequency till 2000. Streptococcus pneumoniae was responsible for 8.9% of case s. Group B Streptococci and Haemophilus influenzae type b caused 2.8% and 2.4% of cases respectively. Both had a declining trend. Other bacteria [gram negative bacteria, non specific streptococci an d staphylococci] was isolated in 2.7% whereas no organism could be identified in 45.6% of specimens. All agent differences were statistically significant where Po 0.001. The mean hospital stay was 14.95 days. Overall case fatality was 17.6%. The most lethal was other bacteria [Odds Ratio = 6.0, 95% Confidence interval = 3.0-12.2]. Fatal outcome was predicted by short hospital stay [regression coefficient r] = -0.17, P=0 0.001], diagnosis of other bacterial [r=1.75, P=0 0.001], pneumococcal [r=0.66, P =0.02] or tuberculous meningitis [r = 0.59, P =0.04] and being an elderly [r= 1.80, P=0 0.001] or an adult [r= 1.03, Po 0.001]. Neisseria remained the main etiologic agent of meningitis. TB emerged as the second pathogen. Rate of bacterial un-detection was high. Mean age of meningitis had shifted to adult age. Other bacteria, pneumococci, MTB and advanced age were important predictors for mortality

Non invasive real-time monitoring of bacterial infection & therapeutic effect of anti-microbials in five mouse models.

Background & objectives: In vivo imaging system has contributed significantly to the understanding of bacterial infection and efficacy of drugs in animal model. We report five rapid, reproducible, and non invasive murine pulmonary infection, skin and soft tissue infection, sepsis, and meningitis models using Xenogen bioluminescent strains and specialized in vivo imaging system (IVIS). Methods: The progression of bacterial infection in different target organs was evaluated by the photon intensity and target organ bacterial counts. Genetically engineered bioluminescent bacterial strains viz. Staphylococcus aureus Xen 8.1, 29 and 31; Streptococcus pneumoniae Xen 9 and 10 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Xen-5 were used to induce different target organs infection and were validated with commercially available antibiotics. Results: The lower limit of detection of colony forming unit (cfu) was 1.7-log10 whereas the lower limit of detection of relative light unit (RLU) was 4.2-log10. Recovery of live bacteria from different target organs showed that the bioluminescent signal correlated to the live bacterial count. Interpretation & conclusions: This study demonstrated the real time monitoring and non-invasive analysis of progression of infection and pharmacological efficacy of drugs. These models may be useful for pre-clinical discovery of new antibiotics.

Epidemiology of meningitis in Oman, 2000-2005

We reviewed the epidemiologic features and trends for 771 cases of meningitis in Oman from January 2000 to December 2005. We found 69% were bacterial in origin and 13% were viral. Leading bacterial pathogens included Haemophilus influenzae [15%], Streptococcus pneumoniae [14%] and Nesseria meningitidis [12%]. For 56% of patients with suspected pyogenic meningitis, no specific bacterial pathogen could be identified. Peak occurrence was in children under 2 years old. The incidence of H. influenzae type b decreased by almost 100% after implementation of the national immunization programme in 2001, while the incidence of cases caused by S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis remained steady

Pattern of sepsis and meningitis in a university hospital

To define the clinical and cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] criteria that establishes a diagnosis of sepsis and meningitis immediately on admission. One thousand children, aged one day to 13 years, presenting with acute onset of vomiting, fever, convulsion, and diarrhea to the Pediatrics Department, King Abdul-Aziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from January 1997 to December 2000 were evaluated. Cases were subjected to history, clinical examination, and lumbar puncture [LP]. On admission, chemical, cytological, and bacteriological examinations of blood and CSF were carried out. Patients were divided into sepsis [n=94] and meningitis [n=26] groups. The most common age liable for LP was in the neonatal period [35.8%]. Septic cases were more than meningitis [78.3% versus 21.7%]. Neonates were the most commonly affected age in sepsis and meningitis; and the predominant symptom in all groups was vomiting. In meningitis, hemoglobin was less [p<0.05] while, blood white blood cell counts [WBCs] [p<0.05], blood neutrophils [p<0.05], CSF-chloride [p<0.000] and CSF-WBCs [p<0.001] were more than sepsis. In meningitis, a positive correlation was found between CSF-glucose with WBCs [r=0.52, p<0.05], neutrophils [r=0.49, p<0.05], and blood-glucose [r=0.56, p<0.01]; and between CSF-WBCs and CSF-protein [r=0.55, p<0.01]. In sepsis, a positive correlation was found between CSF-lymphocyte and CSF-red blood cell count [r=0.37, p<0.001]. More septic cases were admitted to the Pediatric Department through Emergency than meningitis cases. The most common pediatric patients liable to LP were neonates, and the most common presenting symptom was vomiting. Children with vomiting and convulsion and no organism in CSF must be carefully examined, and urine and blood culture must be collected. These children must be closely observed in hospital and re-evaluated by a pediatrician

Treatment of meningitis in neurovascular intensive care unite

The central neuron system [CNS] could be infected by several micro organisms despite being protected by several mechanisms. The routs of entry are multiple, and several factors could predispose patients to CNS infection. CNS infection in the Intensive Care Unit [ICU] is particularly significant due to the peculiar patients affected and the associated high mortality and morbidity. This article is an overview of the CNS infections in the ICU set-up, presenting the commonest types of infections, their clinical presentation, the diagnostic work-up, and the treatment modalities advocated

C-reactive protien and lactate dehydrogenase in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in rapid and early diagnosis of childhood meningitis

Bacterial meningitis is still a life threatening epidemiological problem especially in many developing countries; considering its dire consequences, its prompt and accurate diagnosis has become a priority for clinicians. Because of the various limitations of conventionally used laboratory techniques, we evaluated and compared the diagnostic utility of C-reactive protein and lactate dehydrogenase in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis and its effectivity in distinguishing it from aseptic meningitis. A total of 125 pediatric cases, aged between 1 month and 12 years, including patients with bacterial meningitis [n=45], aseptic meningitis [n=42] and a control group [n=38], were retrospectively analyzed on the basis of data from the initial clinical examinations. Cultures, smears and other common serum and CSF indices were compared with serum and CSF CRP levels and LDH activity. Compared with each of the other variables, there were significant differences in the mean values of serum-CRP, CSF-glucose, CSF-LDH and CSF/serum LDH ratio between the bacterial and aseptic meningitis groups [p<0.001]. Of all the tests applied, the highest sensitivity [95%] and negative predictive value [95%] belonged to CSF-LDH activity and the most specific [100%] test with the highest positive predictive value [100%] was CSF-CRP titration as well as smear and culture. Combination of CSF-CRP serum-CRP, and CSF-LDH yielded the highest sensitivity [100%] and negative predictive value but the combined application of CSF-LDH and CSF-CRP proved to be the most specific and efficient. In the presence of a normal CRP titration and low glucose level in CSF, bacterial meningitis is excluded, whereas elevated level of CSF-LDH activity is a valid confirmatory predictor of BM. In addition, combination of these three tests with serum CRP is far more effective than the separate determination of any of these parameters

Clinical and laboratory findings in neurobrucellosis: a study of 43 cases

Brucellosis is a common zoonotic infection that is endemic in many parts of the world. Neurological involvement is a rare entity, occurs in 2-5% of cases. Neurobrucellosis comprises a variety of complications, including meningitis, meningoencephalitis, myelitis and myelopaties, peripheral and cranial neuropathies, and psychiatric manifestations. The aim of the present study was to evaluate neurological manifestations and cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] findings in a group of Iranian patients with neurobrucellosis. During a 10-year period [1996-2005], medical records of 43 hospitalized patients with definite diagnosis of neurobrucellosis were studied. Inclusion criteria were a minimum titer of 1/160 for Wright and abnormal CSF findings. Age, gender, neurological manifestations, CSF analysis and its changes were investigated. Neurological manifestations include meningitis [64.9%], meningoencephalitis [11.6%], cranial nerve palsy [11.6%], brain abscess [2.4%], myelitis [2.4%] and psychiatric disorders [6.9%]. Pleocytosis [100%], high protein [40%] and low glucose levels [40%] were noted in CSF analysis clinical manifestations and CSF abnormality of nearobrucellosis is similar to tuberculosis an nearobrucellosis must be kept in mind in approach of patients with acute or chronic lymphocytic meningitis with increased protein and low glucose level in CSF and risk factors of brucellosis

Avaliação dos exames laboratoriais para o diagnóstico das meningites infecciosas no Estado de Sergipe, durante o período de 1977 a 2003 / Assessment of the laboratorial examinations for diagnosing infectious meningitis performed in the Sergipe state, during the period from 1997 to 2003

As meningites infecciosas continuam a ocorrer no país com alta incidência e elevados índices de mortalidade, apesar da existência de programas de prevenção da doença e dos avanços na tecnologia empregada na detecção dos microrganismos envolvidos. O exame laboratorial do líquido céfalorraquidiano (LCR) é a base para efetuar o diagnóstico e para introdução de tratamento eficaz ao paciente. Na rotina laboratorial, são utilizados para o diagnóstico: exame microscópico, cultura e pesquisa de antígeno. Visando conhecer a eficiência e a capacidade de resposta, bem como para efetuar a correlação das referidas técnicas laboratoriais com os dados clínicos, este trabalho investigou 510 fichas de registros de pacientes com suspeita de meningite, atendidos pelo Serviço Único de Saúde, que deram entrada no período de 1997 a 2003, no Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública no estado de Sergipe, no Instituto Parreiras Horta. Foi realizada a análise de freqüências absolutas dos testes utilizados no diagnóstico das meningites infecciosas. Os dados mostram uma diminuição, nos últimos anos, da porcentagem de confirmação de diagnóstico de meningite por meio de cultura, fato que pode ser observado em pesquisas realizadas em outros laboratórios do Brasil. Em contrapartida, verifica-se um aumento expressivo no número de paciente com meningites confirmado por meio de bacterioscopia, utilizando-se a coloraçãode Gram. Os resultados apresentados confirmam a importância do diagnóstico rápido e preciso que ofereça vantagens clínicas significativas para o emprego da terapia antimicrobiana adequada e acompanhamento da evolução da doença.

Infecciones invasoras por Haemophilus influenzae tipo b después de la incorporación de la vacuna conjugada al Programa Ampliado de Inmunizaciones en Chile / Invasive infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b after the institution of the conjugated vaccine on the Expanded Programm on Immunization in Chile

Tras nueve años desde la introducción en Chile de la vacuna conjugada contra Haemophilus influenzae tipo b (Hib) a las edades de 2-4 y 6 meses, las infecciones por este agente han disminuido notoriamente, pero aún son causa de morbilidad de importancia en algunos pacientes. Se reportan los niños con enfermedad invasora por Hib ocurridas entre los años 2000 y 2004. Para esto se analizaron los egresos del Hospital Padre Hurtado, consignándose epidemiología, clínica, laboratorio, terapia y complicaciones para cada paciente. Durante este período, 23 pacientes (17 varones), con una mediana de edad de 30 meses (rango 1-71 meses) presentaron enfermedad invasora por Hib. Estas se presentaron como neumonía (7), meningitis (4), pleuroneumonía (2), empiema pleural (2), sepsis (2), celulitis (2), meningitis y pleuroneumonía (1), purpura fulminans (1), miositis (1) y epiglotitis (1). No se registraron fallecimientos, pero 4 pacientes presentaron secuelas graves al momento del alta. Veinte pacientes fueron catalogados como falla de vacuna. Hamophilus influenzae b es aún un agente causal de enfermedad grave y con morbilidad asociada en nuestro país, por lo que es importante tener un alto índice de sospecha. Su estudio y notificación son relevantes para la evaluación del esquema de vacunación anti-Hib actualmente utilizado.